Modern tactics of espionage and dedicated government intelligence agencies developed over the course of the late-19th century. A … See more

Collective counterintelligence is gaining information about an opponent's intelligence collection capabilities whose aim is at an entity.
Defensive counterintelligence is thwarting efforts by hostile intelligence services to penetrate the service. See more

Frank Wisner, a well-known CIA operations executive said of the autobiography of Director of Central Intelligence Allen W. Dulles, that Dulles "disposes of the … See more

Offensive techniques in current counterintelligence doctrine are principally directed against human sources, so counterespionage … See more

Many governments organize counterintelligence agencies separately and distinct from their intelligence collection services. In most countries the counterintelligence … See more

In U.S. doctrine, although not necessarily that of other countries, CI is now seen as primarily a counter to FIS HUMINT. In the 1995 US Army counterintelligence manual, CI had a broader … See more

• Johnson, William R. Thwarting Enemies at Home and Abroad: How to Be a Counterintelligence Officer (2009)
• Ginkel, … See more