Based upon toponymic and lexical evidence, it is generally assumed that one or several languages were once spoken in both … See more

Although no written texts exist or have been identified as pre-Greek, the phonology and lexicon have been partially reconstructed via the considerable number of words that have been borrowed into Greek; such words ofte… See more

Possible Anatolian or "Parnassian" loanwords include:
• Ἀπόλλων, Apóllōn (Doric: Apéllōn, Cypriot: Apeílōn), from *Apeljōn, as in Hittite Appaliunaš;
• δέπας, dépas 'cup; pot, vessel', My… See more

Other explanations have been made for these substrate features. Some fringe theories ranging from the mild (e.g., Egyptian) to the extreme (e.g., Proto-Turkic) have been proposed but have been given little to no c… See more

• Camunic language (probably Raetic)
• Elymian language (probably Indo-European)
• Eteocypriot
• Hattic language… See more

1. ^ Duhoux 2007a, pp. 220–222.
2. ^ Beekes 2014, pp. 47–48: "Our knowledge of Indo-European has expanded so much, especially in the last thirty years (notably because of the laryngeal theory) that in some case… See more

• Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo, eds. (2003). Languages in Prehistoric Europe (in German). Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter GmBH. ISBN 978-3-8253-1449-1.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2003). "Th… See more