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    Clientelism or client politics is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. It is closely related to patronage politics and vote buying. Clientelism involves an asymmetric relationship between groups of political actors described as patrons, brokers, … See more

    The origin of the practice has been traced to ancient Rome. Here relationships between the patron (patronus) and client (cliens) were … See more

    Clientelism may not look the same from context to context. Several individual and country-level factors may shape if and how clientelism takes hold … See more

    Clientelism has generally negative consequences on democracy and government and has more uncertain consequences on the economy. The accountability … See more

    Susan Stokes et al. distinguish clientelism as a form of non-programmatic policy within distributive politics. It meets the criteria through … See more

    Politicians can engage in clientelism on either (or both) a group or individual level. One way individual level clientelism can manifest itself is in a vote buying relationship: a … See more

    It is common to link clientelism with corruption; both involve political actors using public and private resources for personal gain, but … See more

     
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  3. Clientelism - Oxford Reference

  4. Political Clientelism | The Oxford Handbook of Comparative …

  5. The Political Economy of Clientelism | Harvard Kennedy School

  6. Clientelism from the Client’s Perspective: A Meta-Analysis of ...

  7. Political Clientelism in Political Studies: Retrospect and Prospects ...

  8. Political corruption - Wikipedia

  9. Clientelism and governance - ScienceDirect

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  11. Political Clientelism | The Oxford Handbook of Comparative …

  12. Cronyism - Wikipedia

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  14. Clientelism and governance - ScienceDirect