Single-board microcontrollers appeared in the late 1970s, when the appearance of early microprocessors, such as the 6502 and the Z80, made it practical to build an entire controller on a single board, as well as affordable to … See more

Some microcontroller boards using a general-purpose microprocessor can bring the address and data bus of the processor to an expansion … See more

Communications interfaces vary depending on the age of the microcontroller system. Early systems might implement a See more

Single-chip microcontrollers, such as the Intel 8748, combined many of the features of previous boards into a single IC package. Single-chip microcontrollers integrate memory … See more

The bus of the early single-board devices, such as the Z80 and 6502, was universally a Von Neumann architecture. Program and data memory were accessed via the same shared bus, even … See more

Microcontroller systems provide multiple forms of input and output signals to allow application software to control an external "real-world" system. Discrete digital I/O provides a single bit of data (on or off). Analog signals, representing a continuous variable range, … See more

Many early systems had no internal facilities for programming, and relied on a separate "host" system for this task. This programming was … See more