In causal inference, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor, extraneous determinant or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the See more

Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable. … See more

Consider a researcher attempting to assess the effectiveness of drug X, from population data in which drug usage was a patient's choice. … See more

In the case of risk assessments evaluating the magnitude and nature of risk to human health, it is important to control for confounding to isolate the effect of a particular hazard … See more

Let's assume that a trucking company owns a fleet of trucks made by two different manufacturers. Trucks made by one manufacturer are called "A Trucks" and trucks made by … See more

According to Morabia (2011), the word confounding derives from the Medieval Latin verb "confundere", which meant "mixing", and was … See more

Say one is studying the relation between birth order (1st child, 2nd child, etc.) and the presence of Down Syndrome in the child. In this … See more