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  2. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern.

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage
    The Espionage Act of 1917, enacted just after the beginning of World War I, makes it illegal to obtain information, capture photographs or copy descriptions of any information relating to national defense, with the intent for that information to be used against the United States or for the gain of any foreign nation.
    www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/08/12/…
     
  3. People also ask
    Is espionage illegal?The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern.
    en.wikipedia.org
    Is War espionage legal?The legal status of wartime espionage, on the other hand, is less certain. International humanitarian law (IHL) does not declare espionage outright illegal. However, as with any war practice, it does not condone it either. IHL places great importance on transparency of the affiliation of combatants and the status of other participants in war.
    Is espionage a federal crime?U.S. federal law criminalizes leaks of classified government information in the Espionage Act, and authorizes the government to collect surveillance information against foreign State adversaries and their agents (see this Just Security series on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ).
    What is espionage under international law?Under customary international law and international humanitarian law (IHL) (codified in Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, Art. 46) espionage that occurs during an international armed conflict is carefully defined, though the precise methods of information gathering are not identified or prohibited.
     
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