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  2. The difference between espionage and intelligence gathering is as follows1234:
    • Intelligence gathering: Refers to the collection of information by a government or institution to guide decisions and actions.
    • Espionage: Involves illegal or covert activities, such as lying, cheating, stealing, or misrepresenting, to obtain secrets or information.
    • Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, specifically focusing on covert and strategic activities.
    Learn more:
    Intelligence is information gathering. Espionage is illegal. When you break the law to obtain information (secrets). Or grey area illegal involving lying, cheating, stealing, misrepresenting. Unethical or Immoral behaviour that risks lawsuits and making enemies is espionage or borderline espionage.
    strategicscience.org/the-difference-between-intellig…
    Intelligence Gathering and Espionage. “Intelligence” is information gathered by a government or other institution to guide decisions and actions; “espionage” is the collection of intelligence through clandestine means.
    www.oxfordreference.com/abstract/10.1093/acref/9…
    Central to espionage are the enigmatic figures known as spies and agents, who operate covertly to retrieve information and navigate the complex landscape of international relations. We differentiate espionage from broader intelligence gathering activities, highlighting its covert nature and strategic underpinnings.
    Walton: Espionage traditionally refers to human spies and spying. Intelligence is much broader. It can mean human intelligence, but it also can mean technical intelligence operations, like signals intelligence, or code-breaking, or imagery intelligence.
    news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/02/harvard-e…
     
  3. People also ask
    What is the difference between intelligence gathering and espionage?Intelligence Gathering and Espionage. “Intelligence” is information gathered by a government or other institution to guide decisions and actions; “espionage” is the collection of intelligence through clandestine means.
    What is the difference between intelligence and espionage?Intelligence is information gathering. Espionage is illegal. When you break the law to obtain information (secrets). Or grey area illegal involving lying, cheating, stealing, misrepresenting. Unethical or Immoral behaviour that risks lawsuits and making enemies is espionage or borderline espionage.
    How does espionage work?Unlike other forms of intelligence collection disciplines, espionage usually involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge.
    en.wikipedia.org
    What is counterintelligence espionage?Counterintelligence is the practice of thwarting enemy espionage and intelligence-gathering. Almost all sovereign states have strict laws concerning espionage, including those who practice espionage in other countries, and the penalties for being caught are often severe.
    en.wikipedia.org
     
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