Characteristics of network architecture include ^{1 2 3 4 5}:

• Structured interaction between network services, devices, and clients.
• Blueprint dictating layout, communication protocols, and connectivity patterns.
• Hardware components for communication, cabling, and device types.
• Types of services (e.g., DHCP, DNS).
• Client devices (end-user devices, servers, smart things).
• Fundamental architectures (fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, security).
• Hierarchical and modular design principles.
• Network size (local or wide area).
• Data transfer method (wired or wireless).
• Network layout (star, mesh, etc.).