Early research
Initially referred to as the DOD Internet Architecture Model, the Internet protocol suite has its roots in research and … See more

The end-to-end principle has evolved over time. Its original expression put the maintenance of state and overall intelligence at the edges, and assumed the Internet that … See more

The protocols of the link layer operate within the scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This regime is … See more

Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing and is supported by … See more

The transport layer establishes basic data channels that applications use for task-specific data exchange. The layer establishes host-to-host connectivity in the form of end-to-end message transfer services that are independent of the underlying network … See more

The application layer includes the protocols used by most applications for providing user services or exchanging application data over the network connections established by the lower-level protocols. This may include some basic network support services … See more

The Internet protocol suite evolved through research and development funded over a period of time. In this process, the specifics of protocol components and their layering changed. In addition, parallel research and commercial interests from industry … See more