Most definitions of the term 'refractory metals' list the extraordinarily high melting point as a key requirement for … See more

Refractory metals have high melting points, with tungsten and rhenium the highest of all elements, and the other's melting points only exceeded by osmium and iridium, and the sublimation of carbon. These high melting poi… See more

Refractory metals, and alloys made from them, are used in lighting, tools, lubricants, nuclear reaction control rods, as catalysts, and for their chemical or electrical properties. Because of their high melting point, … See more

The strength and high-temperature stability of refractory metals make them suitable for hot metalworking applications and for vacuum furnace technology. Many special applications exploit these properties: for example, tu… See more

• Refractory – heat resistance of nonmetallic materials See more

• Levitin, Valim (2006). High Temperature Strain of Metals and Alloys: Physical Fundamentals. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-31338-9.
• Brunner, T (2000). "Chemical and structural analyses of aerosol and fly-ash particles fro… See more