French archaeologist and Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo, arrived in Egypt in 1880. He chose a site in South Saqqara, a hill that had been mapped by the See more

The various pyramid texts often contained writings of rituals and offerings to the gods. Examples of these rituals are the opening of the mouth … See more

After death, the king must first rise from his tomb. Utterance 373 describes:
Oho! Oho! Rise up, O Teti! Take your head, collect your bones, Gather your limbs, shake the … See more

The spells, or utterances, of the Pyramid Texts were primarily concerned with enabling the transformation of the deceased into an Akh (where those judged worthy could mix with the gods). The spells of the Pyramid Texts are divided into two … See more

Pyramid of Unas
The texts first appeared in the pyramid of the last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, that belonging to See more

Pyramid texts were found not only in the tombs of kings, but those of queens as well. Queen Neith, who was the wife of Pepi II, is one of three queens of the 6th dynasty whose … See more

• Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77483-7 See more