The first known individual to bear the cognomen of "Caesar" was Sextus Julius Caesar, who is likewise believed to be the common ancestor of all subsequent Julii Caesares. Sextus's great-grandson was the dictator See more

The first emperor to assume both the position and name without any real claim was Galba, who took the throne under the name "Servius … See more

"Caesar" is the title officially used by the Sasanid Persians to refer to the Roman and Byzantine emperors. In the Middle East, the Persians and the Arabs continued to refer to … See more

• Caesaropapism See more

• Barnes, Timothy D. (1984). Constantine and Eusebius. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674165314.
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Crisis of the Third Century
The popularity of using the title caesar to designate heirs-apparent increased throughout the third … See more

Note: Caesars who later became Augusti and thus emperors are highlighted in bold.
Byzantine nobles
• Tervel, khan of the Bulgars, named in 705 by See more