Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived
In … See more

For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state
where is the per-particle volume, is the thermal wavelength, is the fugacity, and
It is noticeable that is a monotonically growing fun… See more

Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, and . If the two states are equal in energy, each different configuration is equally likely.
If we can te… See more

The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is a partial differential equation in space and time variables. Usually it does not have analytic solution and different numerical methods, such as split-step Crank-Nicolson and Fourier spe… See more

In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual pr… See more

As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs. Vortices can be created, for example, by "stirring" the condensate with lasers, rotating the confining trap, or by rapid cooling across the phase transition. The vortex … See more

Compared to more commonly encountered states of matter, Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with the external environment can be enough to warm them past the co… See more